3. ZOOLOGY


Scheme :
Min. Pass Marks: 36 Max. Marks: 100

Paper-I 3 hrs. duration 33 Marks
Paper-II 3 hrs. duration 33 Marks
Paper-III 3 hrs. duration 34 Marks
Practical 5 hrs. duration 50 Marks

Note :
  1. Two types of question papers for each theory paper will be application to total duration of 3 hours. One question paper will comprise the objective type of question where as another type of long answer type question.
  2. Descriptive type of question paper (to be given during the first two and half (21/2) hours of the examination) will have 8 questions out of which a student in supposed to attempt any 4. This portion of the paper will carry miximum 20 marks.
  3. The objective type question paper will be given after (21/2) hours of descriptive type paper and will have 26 question of the objective types in I and II paper and 28 paper. This portion of the papers will carry 13 marks in I and II papers and 14 marks in III papers. The objective types of question will be of the following types. :
  1. Multiples choice types questions:-
  2. Fill in the blanks/one word/true of false type question.
  3. Very short answer types questions - 5 of 1 mark each.

PAPER-I:Z-101
DIVERSITY OF ANIMALS AND EVOLUTION

Section -A

 Diversity of animals
(1) Zoogeographical distribution; principal zoogeographical regions of the world with special reference to their mamalian faunal (2) Biodiversity of Fauna of India and world. (3) Adaptation to their modes of life and environment. (4) Conservation measures where required. (5) Continental drit.

Section-B

 Diversity of Animals
  1. General principles to taxonomy; concept of the five kingdom scheme.
  2. Concept of Protozoa, Metazoa and Levels of organization.
  3. Toxonomy of basis classification of Non chordata and chordata symmetry, coelom, segmentation and embryogeny.
  4. Detaled Classification non-chordata and chordata habits and habitat of the prescribed types, viz, Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Obelia, Sycon, Fasciola, Taenia, Nereis, hirudinaria, Palaemon, Pila, Lamelidens and Asteria, Balanoglossus, Amphioxus, herdmama, Petromyzon, Scoliodon, Labeo, any lung fish lchthyophis. Salamander. Frog Hemidactylus, Naja, Python, Crocodile, Pigeon, Great Indian Bustard, hare, camel Chinkara.

Section-C

 Evolution
  1. History of evolutionary thought (Lamarckism and Darwinism recalled).
  2. Natural Selection (differential reproduction); genetic basis of evolution; speciation.
  3. Variations, Isolation and adaptations.
  4. Paleontology: fossils; geological divisions of the earth's crust; imperfection of the geological record.
  5. Study of extinct forms: Dinosaurs, Archeopteryx.

PAPER-II : Z-102
CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

Section-A
CELL BIOLOGY
  1. Introduction to cell: Morphology, size, shape and characteristics of Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic, Plant and animal cells; basic idea of virus and cell-theory.
  2. Cell membrane : Characteristics of cell membrane molecules, fuidmosaic model of Singer and Nicolson, concept of unit membrane.
  3. Cell membrane transport : Passive (diffusion and osmosis facilitated (mediated) and active transport.
  4. Cytoplasmic organelles:
    1. Structure and biogenesis of mitochondria; electron transport chain and generation of ATP molecules (chemiosmotic hypothesis of Mitchele)
    2. Structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome (Prokayotic and eukaryotic) and Golgi complex.
    3. Structure and function of lysosome, microbodies and centrioles.
    4. Structure and functions of cilia, flagella, microvilli and cytoskeletal elements.
Section-B
NUCLEAR ORGANIZATION

  1. Nucleus :
    1. Structure and function of nuclear envelope, nuclear matrix and nucleolus.
    2. chromosomes : Morphology, chromonema, chromomeres, telomeres, primary and secondary constrictions, chromatids; prokaryotic chromosome.
    3. chromosome type : Polytene and lampbrush.
    4. Chromosomal organization : Euchromatin, heterochromatin and folded fibre model and nucleosome concept.
  2. Nucleic Acids :
    1. DNA structure, polymorphism (A, B, Z type) and replication (semiconservative mechanism), experiments of Messelson and Stahl : elementary idea about polymerases topoisomerase, single strand binding protein, replication forks (both unidirectional and bidirectional), leading and lagging strands, RA primers and Okazaki fragments; elementary idea about DNA repairs.
    2. RNA structure and type (mRNA, rRNA and tRNA) and transcription (idea about polymerase, exon and introns)
  3. Genetic Code and Translation, triplet code, characteristics of triplet code; protein synthesis (translation)
  4. Cell in Reproduction :
    1. Interphase nucleus and cell cycle S, G-a, G-2, M-phase.
    2. Mitosis : Phases and process mitosis structure and function of spindle apparatus; anaphasis movement.
    3. Meiosis : Phase and process of meiosis, synapses and synaptonemal complex, formation and fate of chiasmata and significance of the crossing over.
Section -C
GENETICS

  1. Mendelism : Brief history of genetic and Mendel's work; Mendelian law, their significance and current status; chromosomal theory of inheritance.
  2. Chromosomal mutations : Classification of chromosomal mutations, translocation, inversion deletion and duplication variation in chromosome numbers; haploidy, diploidy, polyploidy, aneuploidy, euploidy and polysomy.
  3. Linkage and crossing over, elementry idea of chromosome mapping.
  4. Genetic interaction : supplementray genes complementary genes, duplicate genes, epiostasis inhibitory and polymorphic genes multiple gene inheritance; ABO blood group and Rh factor and their significance.
  5. Cytoplasmic inheritance.

PAPER-III : Z-103
GAMETE & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Section-A
GAMETE BIOLOGY
  1. Historical review and types of embryology
  2. Gametogenesis:
    1. Formation of egg and sperm.
    2. Vitellogenesis
  3. Fertilization : Activation of ovum, essence of activation : changes in the organization of the egg cytoplasm.
  4. Parthenogensis
Section-B

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
  1. Cleavage : Definition, planes and patterns among chordates significance of cleavage; blastulation and morulation.
  2. Fate maps, morphogenetic cell movements, significance of gastrulation.
  3. Embryonic induction; primary organizer, differentiation competence;
  4. Regeneration
  5. Development of chick up to 96 hours
  6. Embryonic adaptations:
    1. Extra-embryonic membranes in chick.
    2. Placentation in Mamals : Definition, types, classification on the basis of morphology and histology; functions of placenta.
Section-C
NEW DIMENSIONS IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
  1. Various types of stem cells and their applications (with special reference to embryonic stem cells)
  2. Cloning of animals.
    1. Nuclear Embryonic Transfer Technique.
    2. Nuclear Transfer Technique.
    3. Embryonic or Therapeutic clone.
  3. Teratological effects of Xenobiotics.
  4. Brief account of biology of aging.
PRACTICAL-ZOOLOGY

Min. Marks : 18 4 hrs. Week Max. Marks : 50
  1. Microscopic Technique :
    1. Organization and working of optical microscopes : dissecting and compound microscope.
    2. General methods of microscopical permanet preparations; narcotization; fixing and presenrvation; washing; staining; destaining; dehydration; clearing and dealcoholization; mounting; General idea of composition, preparation and use of :
      1. Fixative : Formaline, Bouin's flued.
      2. Stain : Borax carmine, saceto-carmine, a ceto-orcein, haemotoxyline-eosin.
      3. Common reagents : Normal, saline, Ringer's solution, acid water, acid alcohol, and Mayer's albumin.
    3. Collection and Culture Method :
      1. Collection of animals from their natural habitat during field trips, e.g., Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Planaria, Earthworm, Daphnia, Cyclops, etc.
      2. Culture of Paramecium in the laboratory and study of its structure, life-processes and behaviour in the living state.
      3. Collection and study of invertebrate parasites : Rectal Ciliates of frog. 4.
    4. Microscopic slides and Speciens
      Slides of Histology : All the tissues specified in theory :
      Protozoa : Euglena, Trypanosoma, Giardia, Entamoeba, Elphidium (Polystomella), Foraminiferous shells, Monocystis, Plasmodium, Paramecium, Parameium showing binary fission and confugation Opalina, Nyctotherus, Balantidium Vorticella.
      Porifera : Leucosolenia, Balantidium Vorticella. T.S. Sycon, Spicules, Spongin fibres, Gemmules.
      Coelenterate : Millepora, Physalia, Vellela, Aurelia, Alcyonium, Gorgonia, Penatula, Sea anemone, Stone corals, Obelia colony and medusa.
      Ctenophora : Any ctenophore
  2. Anatomy
    Earthworm :External features, general viscera and alimentary canal, reproductive system, nervous system.
    Cockroach :External features, appendages (wing and leg), Mouth parts Alimentary canal, reproductive and nervous systems. Mounting of salivary gland.
  3. Permanent Preparation and Study of the following :
    Paramecium, Euglena, Rectal ciliates of frog, Foraminiferous shells, Sponge spicules, spongin fibres, gemmule, Hydra, Obelia colony and medusa; Parapodium of Nereis and heteronereis, Overy, Nephridia, Nerve ring and setae of earthworm. Salivary glands and trachea of cockroach.
  4. Exercises in Cell Biology
    1. Squash preparation for the study of mitosis in onion root tip.
    2. Squash preparation for the study of meiosis in grasshopper or cockroach testes.
    3. Study of giant chromosomes in salivary glands of Chironomus or Drosophila larva.
    4. Study of permanent prepared slides: Drosophila : Sex comb, salivary gland chromosomes;
    5. Identification of blood groups (A, B, O & Rh Factor).
  5. Developmental Biology
  1. Study of development of frog/toad with the help of :
    1. Preserved materials available : eggs,cleavage,blastula,gastrula,neurula,tail-bud,hatching,mature tadpole larvae,metamorphic stages,toadlet/froglet.
    2. Historical Slides:cleavage,blastula,gastrula,neurula and tail bud state.
  2. Study of development of chick with the help of whole mounts
    1. 18 hrs, 21 hrs, 24 hrs, 33 hrs, 72 hrs and 96 hrs of incubation period embryos.
    2. If possible primitive streak stage in living embryo after removal of the blastoderm from the egg may be demonstrated.
    3. Study of the embryo at various stages of incubation in vivo by making a window in the egg-shell may also be demonstrated.
    4. Study of various foetal encelopes in a 10-12 day old chick embryo (amnion, chorion, allatois yolk sac)
Scheme of Practical Examination and Distribution of marks

Time 4 : hrs. Min Pass Marks : 18 Max. Marks : 50

Regular Ex. Students.
1. Dissection 7 9
2. Permanent Preparation 5 7
3. Exercise in Cell Biology and Genetic 4+4 4+4
4. Exercise in Developmental Biology 4 5
5. Identification and Comments on Spots (1 to 8) 16 16
6. Viva Voce 5 5
7. Class Record 5 -
Total 50 50

Notes
  1. With reference to dissection candidates must be well versed with the technique of flag labelling and back and black paper insertion as the case may be for a clear illustration.
  2. With reference to whole mounts and museum specimens in case of unavailability of certain animal types, diagrams, photographs, models etc. should be substituted, study will include classification (upto classes) with diagnostic characters and comments.
  3. Candidates will keep a record of all work done in the practical class and it will be submitted for inpection at the time of the practical examination.
  4. Mounting material as per the syllabus or available from collection and culture methods.
  5. The detailed methodology may be asked to write wherever necessary and separate marks may be allocated for it.

Recommended Books :
  1. Genetics : Ahluwalia, K.B. Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.
  2. Genetics : Altenberg, E.Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.
  3. An Introduction to Embryology : Balinsky, B.I. : W.B. Saudersm, Delhi.
  4. Development Biology. Berrill, N.J. McGraw Hill book Com. New York.
  5. Modern Embryology : Bodemer, C.W. : Holt Reinchart and Winstom, Inc. New York, Chicago.
  6. Cell Biology : De Robertis, E.D.P. : Nowinski, W.W. and Saez, F.A.W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia (Saunders International Student Edition Toppan Co. Ltd. Tokyo).
  7. Cytology and Genetics. Dyansagar, C.R. Tata McGraw Hill Publ. Co. New Delhi.
  8. Cell Biology : Dyson, R.D. Allen and Bacon, New York.
  9. Principles of Genetics : Gardner, E.J. : Wiley Eastern, New Delhi.
  10. Principles of Animal Developmental Biology : Goyal S.C. : Himalaya Publishing Co., Mumbai.
  11. The Science of Genetics. Helter. W.M. and Yost. M.T. Prentice Hall, India, New Delhi.
  12. Fundamentals of Comparative Embryology. Huettner, A.F. Millan, New York.
  13. Elements of Chordate Embryology Jain P.C. Visual Publication, Delhi.
  14. Cell Biology and Genetics. Kohli, S. jain, S. and Ramesh Book Depot. Jaipur.
  15. Chordate Zoology. Jordan E.L. : S.Chand and Co. Hew Delhi.
  16. Cell Biology. Rastogi S.C. : Tata McGraw Hill Publ. Co. New Delhi.
  17. Invertebrate Diversity of Life : Rounds H.D. : Reinhold, New York (Indian repring : Affiliated East West Press, New Delhi.)
  18. Principles of Taxonomy : Simpson, G.G. Oxford and IBH Publ. Co., New Delhi.
  19. General Zoology :Storer, T.I. and Using, K.L. : Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi.
  20. Chordate Embryology : Berma. P.S. Agrawal. V.K. and Tyagi, B.S. S Chand and Co. New Delhi.
  21. Cytology : Verma, P.S. and Agrawal V.K : S.Chand and Co. New Delhi.
  22. Genetics. Verma, P.S. and Agrawal V.K. S.Chand and Co., New Delhi.
  23. Genetics : Winchester, A.M. : Oxford and IBH Publ. New Delhi.